Editors: Ana Tostões, Ivan Blasi
Guest editors: Theodore Prudon
Keywords: Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design.

Modern Movement Architecture is envisioned as a concept that deals with forms, spaces, techniques and social responsibility. In this docomomo Journal, the contributions on this discussion put together modernity and Modern heritage, economy and energy saving, the social mission and the responsibility of architects towards the future. Modern Movement is often mistakenly related to a style, perceived in a skin–deep point of view and superficially adopted as simple form, as a modern shape, when in fact Modern Movement has always shown great concern with such issues, seeking for eficiency and economy, i.e., an accurate use of materials, a design approach that incorporates intelligent saving resources in order to create a better world.

Editors: Ana Tostões, Ivan Blasi
Guest editors: Sylvia Ficher, Andrey Rosenthal Schlee
Keywords: Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Brasilia modern architecture, World Heritage, Modern urban design.

Since Brasilia’s World Heritage inscription in 1987, the city has developed public awareness regarding the value of a major accomplishment in the history of urbanism. The singularity of Brasilia lies in its ability of being simultaneously rooted in the past while looking ahead to the future, envisioning an approach that should affirm Brazil’s industrialization effort and the need to provide access to life quality incorporating a specific genuine cultural tradition; an approach where the new capital should be the image of the homeland. Lúcio Costa, the architect who sensed and perceived the need to rescue architectural heritage, formulated unprecedented theoretical principles, articulating both realities. He was aware of the fact that modern architecture was a powerful means to foster a national identity because, according to modern principles argued in Brazil, a bond should exist between an erudite avant-garde and traditional popular features. Costa revealed the structural resemblance between raw architecture from the 18th Century—the plain Portuguese style—and the new constructions, discovering the same logic, rationality, rigor and strictness.

Editors: Ana Tostões, Ivan Blasi
Guest editors: Horacio Torrent
Keywords: Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Art and architecture, Modern art.

The late CIAM discussions, namely the ones that took part in the scope of the Bergamo Conference in 1947, brought social and intensive public aspirations. Between North and South, the new world retook the European avant-garde issues implementing the most collective values for a better future to come. Giedion’s Architecture You and Me or the struggle for a New Monumentality, were the placed questions that received an extraordinary eco from American Architecture which emerged with a creative energy. Therefore, in our days, the aim is to deepen understand the process and to find the paths for the future. A future that we may create with such awareness that may, generously, give us the tools for increase nowadays architecture and city planning.

At a time when the American crisis of subprime loans has spread a feeling of instability to people at the global level, we-architects, town-planners, historians and the many professionals involved in the management of the housing market-have finally understood that dwellings remain the priority of our contemporary culture. Born as the major task for architects in the heroic years of the modern movement, mass housing went through a wide range of transformcitions and changes in reception. "New Dwelling Equals New Architecture" became the credo for a generation of designers all over Europe and beyond. It is worth acknowledging that just a few of these interventions are regarded to be of heritage value. Surprisingly, the World Heritage Center in summer 2008 has included the Berlin Siedlung complexes in the WHL. We like to think that Docomomo has contributed to this result.

Reconstruction after WWII responded to housing large sections of the population, developing the city towards the outskirts, colonizing new territories, and moving the borders. Out of the debris the society grew with new needs and inew desires. It created a delicate equilibrium, whose benefits lasted for, at most, half a century. The recent phenomena of social exclusion, discrimination, poverty and crime are largely born out of the deficiencies of the reconstruction policies.

It will be a true challenge for us all to take responsibility for answering to these inequalities though a policy of renovation of the dream of post-WWII mass housing. Miles Glendinning has agreed to look closely at this complex and problematic subject, contributing under another perspective to the theme of the 10th conference, offering a wide spectrum of intervention policies.

The first quarter of 2008 has proved quite sensational for twentieth century heritage. Several occurrences show that the future of modern architecture, despite the improvement of the debates and increasing number of modern buildings that gain the status of modern monuments, is still under serious threat. Docomomo wishes to reassert its most pressing objective: to preserve the authenticity of modern buildings jeopardized by thoughtless changes.

The Docomomo Journal continues to unravel the many implications related to the real differences between societies and cultures, explicitly expressed in architectural practices. Searching for the continuity with themes and issues that have precedents in Docomomo history herein moves us to consider the notion of "otherness" as but a tool to understand twentieth century heritage around the world. Accordingly, the construction of "intertwined histories" represents the major new challenge of Docomomo lnternational's coming years.
Our goal, calling for new geographies and new morphologies, remains the mapping of "otherness." Introducing other modern trajectories to the mainstream of twentieth century architectural histories, the articles included in this issue of the Docomomo Journal are relevant contributions to this undertaking. We wish to thank all our members-young scholars, historians and architects-, who pertinently support this project with their valuable input.

This issue is dedicated to modern architecture in the Middle East, and pairing with the Ninth Docomomo International Conference hosted in Turkey, is indeed of special significance. The issue introduces a set of unexpected encounters involving a fresh new outlook on what Westerners construed or fantasized as "orientalism."
Facing the Western world from the Eastern edges of the Mediterranean Sea, these encounters are meant to shed light on another history that is conscious of its millenary relevance and uniqueness; a history of the whole that reiterates itself in the smallest parts, material and immaterial, in stones, in golden fragments, in blue-greenish screens, in distant songs, in its melancholy. But beyond the impressions and notions conveyed by each of these parts is the wish to present a historical account of the efforts carried out by ancient communities to become modern societies, interpreting their founding premises and the present tensions that enduringly strain them.

La publicacion de este numero especial del Oocomomo Journal supone la culminacion de una labor llevada a cabo por parte de los numerosos poises que conforman la red de Docomomo.

The publication of this special issue of Docomomo Journal entirely dedicated to modern architecture in the Caribbean islands rewards the efforts of several of our network's members.

What is the present status of modern heritage? From the Docomomo vantage point, it seems that both critical and theoretical perspectives are reaching a well-defined significance within the disciplines of architecture, urbanism, and preservation. Some extraordinary examples of good practice in restoration have identified the professional field with unprecedented authority. But we still need to develop the awareness that concepts such as 'modern' and 'heritage' are deeply rooted in Western mind frames and cultural approaches, which are however currently being questioned and redefined. Our new priority should now be to encompass the anthropological and sociological discourses within our understanding of modernity, which should allow heritage to include new dimensions, those of the intangible, of the spiritual, of the ordinary, of the vernacular, which are the essence of many other cultures worldwide.

Editors
Wessel de Jonge
Eleonoor Jap Sam, co-editor
Emil Fraai, co-editor

Production
Eleonoor Jap Sam
Emil Fraai

Graphic Design
Marianne Goudswaard, MG2D

Original cover design
Kees Ruyter, Amsterdam

Printing
Tripiti, Rotterdam

Editors
Wessel de Jonge
Eleonoor Jap Sam, co-editor
Emil Fraai, co-editor

Coordination and production
Eleonoor Jap Sam
Emil Fraai

Graphic Design
Marianne Goudswaard, MG2D

Original cover design
Kees Ruyter, Amsterdam

Printing
Tripiti, Rotterdam

Editors
Wessel de Jonge
Eleonoor Jap Sam, co-editor

Coordination and production
Eleonoor Jap Sam
Emil Fraai (editorial assistant)

Graphic Design
Marianne Goudswaard, MG2D

Original cover design
Kees Ruyter, Amsterdam

Printing
Tripiti, Rotterdam

Editors
Wessel de Jonge
Eleonoor Jap Sam, co-editor

Production
Eleonoor Jap Sam
Emil Fraai (editorial assistant)

Design
Bert Lammers, Faculty of Architecture

Graphic Design
Marianne Goudswaard, MG2D

Original cover design
Kees Ruyter, Amsterdam

Printing
Tripiti, Rotterdam